Photothermal Materials Research Articles

RGOs-AgNPs/PVA composite sponges for efficient solar saltwater evaporation

With an increasing demand for seawater desalination, fabricating photothermal materials with low cost, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and excellent mechanical stability is necessary but remains challenging. In this work, reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (RGOs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponges (RGOs-AgNPs/PVA) are fabricated by the mechanical foaming and impregnation reduction method, which combine the flexible porous structure of PVA sponges with the photothermal properties of RGOs-AgNPs. The incorporation of RGOs-AgNPs enhances the surficial hydrophobicity and reduces the accumulation of water on the surface, and the photothermal synergistic effect of RGOs-AgNPs enhances the water evaporation rate. The results showed that the evaporation rate of RGOs-AgNPs/PVA was 2.09 kg m−2 h−1 and the photothermal conversion efficiency was 94.2 % under standard sunlight intensity of 1 sun (1.0 kW m−2). Furthermore, the long-term stability and effective desalination capability of the RGOs-AgNPs/PVA solar evaporation device offer a potential opportunity for massive seawater desalination. Therefore, this work shows the prospect of combining flexible porous sponges with photothermal materials for practical solar evaporation.

Comparative experimental study on photothermal conversion and shape memory properties of MF-based flexible composite phase change materials loaded with carbon nanotubes and polydopamine

Efficient use of solar energy can effectively alleviate the problem of energy shortages. Currently, extensive researches have been carried out on photothermal conversion materials. However, factors such as photothermal conversion and thermal conductivity limit the practical implementation of photothermal materials. In this research, a novel flexible composite phase change material (CPCM) with melamine foam (MF) as the supporting skeleton, carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polydopamine (PDA) as the light-absorbing coating and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the energy storage material was successfully prepared. The results show that the MF-based CPCMs have good shape stability with a leakage of only 0.9 %, and high phase change enthalpies, the melting enthalpy was above 172.0 J/g. In addition, the thermal conductivity was improved due to the introduction of light-absorbing coatings into the CPCMs. Compared with MF/PEG, MWCNT/MF/PEG, and PDA/MF/PEG, MWCNT/PDA/MF/PEG were improved by 35.21 %, 8.6 % and 29.46 %, respectively. Finally, the average charging efficiency of MWCNT/PDA/MF/PEG is 96.26 %, which is 62.33 % and 20.1 % higher than that of MWCNT/MF/PEG and PDA/MF/PEG respectively, indicating that MWCNT and PDA nanofillers played a synergistic role in enhancing the performance of CPCMs. This study provides new and innovative ways for the design of photothermal materials.

Ginseng‐Bioinspired 3D Photothermal Evaporator for Efficient Seawater Desalination Using Conjugated Microporous Polymer

AbstractPhotothermal conversion technology presents a promising approach for harnessing solar energy to facilitate seawater desalination. However, salts will accumulate on the surface of the photothermal conversion structure during seawater desalination, which hinders solar energy absorption. Meanwhile, the photothermal conversion structure directly immersing in a large water body results in a large heat dissipation loss. Both factors impair solar energy conversion and water steam generation. To address the issues, inspired by a ginseng plant (with a trunk‐to‐branch water supply system), a 3D cotton‐based photothermal evaporator with tunable water supply is facilely designed herein via simple cloak‐weaving of a porphyrin‐based conjugated microporous polymer (PPCMP) as the photothermal conversion material. The as‐designed 3D cloak‐like photothermal evaporator achieves an equilibrium between the water supply flux and evaporation rate via optimizing PPCMP weaving and the water path. As a result, a high evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m−2 h−1 and photothermal conversion efficiency of 155% are obtained under 1 sun illumination. The findings underline the importance of 3D porous organic polymer‐based fabrics as effective media for harnessing solar energy and highlight their potential for seawater desalination.

Photothermal performance of vitreous products from high-temperature melting of hazardous waste

High-temperature molten vitreous (HTMV), as the primary means of hazardous waste disposal, was produced in large quantities. Exploring its potential in photothermal applications could extend its high-value. Herein, the HTMV was used to explore the photothermal performance potential. It indicates that the HTMV possesses significant photothermal conversion capability, capable of increasing the tested water temperature by 6.65 °C. The HTMV mass and water volume are critical factors affecting the water temperature outcomes. The HTMV exhibits distinct conversion capabilities when applied at different application scenarios on the test object. Application on the bottom primarily focuses on photothermal conversion with high heat production efficiency, while side application additionally demonstrates excellent thermal insulation properties. Based on heat balance and backpropagation neural network predictions, optimal scheme of HTMV on both inside and outside bottom application scenarios of the heated object can achieve a maximum heat input of 660.6 kJ m−2 and 570.1 kJ m−2, respectively, and reduce carbon emissions by 0.062 kg CO2 m−2 and 0.054 kg CO2 m−2. This study not only provides a foundation for the further application of HTMV but also opens a new direction for the development of photothermal conversion materials, which is of great significance in advancing sustainable energy technology.

Dealloying-Derived Self-Supporting Nanoporous Zinc Film with Optimized Macro/Microstructure for High-Performance Solar Steam Generation.

Solar steam generation (SSG) is a promising technology for the production of freshwater that can help alleviate global water scarcity. Nanostructured metals, known for their localized surface plasmon resonance effect, have generated significant interest, but low-cost metal films with excellent water evaporation properties are challenging. In this work, we present a one-step dealloying route for fabricating self-supporting black nanoporous zinc (NP-Zn) films with a bicontinuous ligament/channel structure, using Al-Zn solid solution alloys as the precursors. The influence of alloy composition on the formation and macro/microstructure of NP-Zn was investigated, and an optimal Al98Zn2 was selected. Additionally, in situ and ex situ characterizations were conducted to unveil the dealloying mechanism of Al98Zn2 and phase/microstructure evolution of NP-Zn during dealloying, including the phase transition of Al(Zn) → Zn, significant volume shrinkage (89.8%), and the development of high porosity (81.3%). The nanoscale ligament/channel structure and high porosity endow the NP-Zn films with good broadband absorption and superior hydrophilicity and, more importantly, give them excellent SSG performance. The NP-Zn2 film displays high evaporation efficiency, superior stability, and good seawater desalination performance. The efficient SSG performance, material abundance, and low cost suggest that NP-Zn films have promising applications in metal-based photothermal materials for SSG.

MXene/Ag3PO4 modified PVDF composite membranes for efficient interfacial evaporation and photodegradation

Solar-powered interface evaporation is considered a promising technology to obtain freshwater from non-potable water by using sustainable solar energy. However, research on combining the photocatalytic effect with solar interfacial evaporation technology to go for photothermal conversion materials with full solar spectrum utilization for photothermal and photodegradation capabilities is still scarce. Due to the unique optical properties of MXene, a novel MXene/Ag3PO4-based membrane with synergistic photothermal and photocatalytic effects was developed from the perspective of practical applications such as water purification, photodegradation of organic dyes and antibacterial properties. In this paper, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon black (CB) were used as the substrate, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were selected as the pore-forming agent for hydrophilic modification, and MXene/Ag3PO4 serves as the photocatalyst. The prepared composite polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (PCC-MXene/Ag3PO4) with Schottky junction, possesses a rich pore structure, abundant water molecule transport channels, high light absorption ability, and low thermal conductivity, which lead to a good performance in solar interface evaporation, photodegradation and antibacterial. The superhydrophobicity and floatability of the nanosponges in water enable them to continuously pump water, which greatly promotes the dissolution of salt accumulation. With the help of porous nanosponges, PCC-MXene/Ag3PO4 exhibits excellent evaporation stability and salt resistance under 1 kW m−2 solar irradiation, as well as photodegradation of organic dyes. In addition, the PCC-MXene/Ag3PO4 membrane has the properties of self-buoyancy, electrical conductivity, and superior flexibility. Therefore, considering the simple preparation method and fine performances, the PCC-MXene/Ag3PO4 mixed membrane has great application potential in the study of interface evaporation, photodegradation of organic dyes, and antibacterial properties.

Biomimetic Multifunctional Graphene-Based Coating for Thermal Management, Solar De-Icing, and Fire Safety: Inspired from the Antireflection Nanostructure of Compound Eyes.

Due to the ubiquitous and inexhaustible solar source, photothermal materials have gained considerable attention for their potential in heating and de-icing. Nevertheless, traditional photothermal materials, exemplified by graphene, frequently encounter challenges emanating from their elevated reflectance. Inspired by ocular structures, this study uses the Fresnel equation to enhance the photo-thermal conversion efficiency of graphene by introducing a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) coating, which reduces the light reflectance (≈20%) through destructive interference. The designed coating achieves an equilibrium temperature of ≈77°C at one sun and a quick de-icing in ≈65 s, all with a thickness of 5µm. Simulations demonstrate that applying this coating to high-rise buildings results in energy savings of ≈31% in winter heating. Furthermore, the combination of PDMS/SiO2 and graphene confers a notable enhancement in thermal stability through a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism, effectively safeguarding polyurethane against high temperatures and conflagrations, leading to marked reduction of 58% and 28% in heat release rate and total heat release. This innovative design enhances the photo-thermal conversion, de-icing function, and flame retardancy of graphene, thereby advancing its applications in outdoor equipment, high-rise buildings, and aerospace vessels.

Recent development of photoresponsive materials toward 3D printing: From materials to application

AbstractThe rapid development of 3D printing has achieved considerable progress in architecture innovation, optical advancements, energy systems, dental care, pharmaceutical delivery, and personalized medical treatments. Nevertheless, the current technology of 3D printing is still limited to a single function. In recent years, the combination of photoresponsive materials and additive manufacturing has become a booming area for achieving intelligent photoresponsive 3D structures and stimulus‐responsive devices. By incorporating photoresponsive materials, 3D‐printed structures can change their shapes or colors under external stimuli. It is expected that the connection of photoresponsive materials and smart 3D printing will contribute to the development of adaptive camouflage, data retention, and molecular robotics. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current development of photoresponsive materials used in 3D printing, with an emphasis on photochromic materials, photodeformable materials, and photothermal materials. Additionally, the differences in the applications of these materials in 3D printing are compared. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives in the development of photoresponsive materials for additive manufacturing are also discussed.

The Influence of Light-Generated Radicals for Highly Efficient Solar-Thermal Conversion in an Ultra-Stable 2D Metal-Organic Assembly.

Solar-thermal water evaporation is a promising strategy for clean water production, which needs the development of solar-thermal conversion materials with both high efficiency and high stability. Herein, we reported an ultra-stable cobalt(II)-organic assembly NKU-123 with light-generated radicals, exhibiting superior photothermal conversion efficiency and high stability. Under the irradiation of 808 nm light, the temperature of NKU-123 rapidly increases from 25.5 to 215.1 °C in 6 seconds. The solar water evaporator based on NKU-123 achieves a high solar-thermal water evaporation rate of 1.442 and 1.299 kg m-2 h-1 under 1-sun irradiation with a water evaporation efficiency of 97.8 and 87.9 % for pure water and seawater, respectively. A detailed mechanism study revealed that the formation of light-generated radicals leads to an increase of spin density of NKU-123 for enhancing the photothermal effect, which provides insights into the design of highly efficient photothermal materials.

The Influence of Light‐Generated Radicals for Highly Efficient Solar‐Thermal Conversion in an Ultra‐Stable 2D Metal‐Organic Assembly

AbstractSolar‐thermal water evaporation is a promising strategy for clean water production, which needs the development of solar‐thermal conversion materials with both high efficiency and high stability. Herein, we reported an ultra‐stable cobalt(II)‐organic assembly NKU‐123 with light‐generated radicals, exhibiting superior photothermal conversion efficiency and high stability. Under the irradiation of 808 nm light, the temperature of NKU‐123 rapidly increases from 25.5 to 215.1 °C in 6 seconds. The solar water evaporator based on NKU‐123 achieves a high solar‐thermal water evaporation rate of 1.442 and 1.299 kg m−2 h−1 under 1‐sun irradiation with a water evaporation efficiency of 97.8 and 87.9 % for pure water and seawater, respectively. A detailed mechanism study revealed that the formation of light‐generated radicals leads to an increase of spin density of NKU‐123 for enhancing the photothermal effect, which provides insights into the design of highly efficient photothermal materials.

Photo-thermal catalysis for sustainable energy production and environmental treatment

Photo-thermal-catalysts (PTC) exceptional features and ability to concurrently solve sustainable energy requirements and environmental problems have drawn scientific interest. The photo-thermal effect is the process by which photo-thermal conversion materials transform radiant energy from light into thermal energy. The photo-thermal therapy of energy and environmental treatment faces the urgent task of developing effective photo-thermal agents to address complicated problem demands. In this study, we take a look at the fundamental principles and underlying process of photo-thermal material catalysis. In addition, this review provides a concise summary of the most up-to-date findings concerning photo-thermal catalysis materials, which have been aggressively researched for a wide-spread sustainable energy and environment treatment uses. In order to motivate the creation of a high-efficiency photo-thermal catalytic pathway, the criteria and techniques for designing photo-thermal catalysts are presented. This will make it possible for a better absorption of the whole spectrum of solar energy as well as a greater conversion of solar energy to heat. Theoretical direction is offered for the continued development of this technology, and the promise of the practical use of photo-thermal catalysis for different solar-driven interfacial photo-thermal conversion technologies is anticipated. This paper offers a unique perspective on photo-thermal catalysis focussing on the synergistic effects and suggesting a potential route for future applications.

Use of Interfacial Interactions and Complexation of Carbon Dots to Construct Ultra-Robust and Efficient Photothermal Film From Micro-Carbonized Polysaccharides.

Solar energy conversion technologies, particularly solar-driven photothermal conversion, are both clean and manageable. Although much progress has been made in designing solar-driven photothermal materials, significant challenges remain, not least the photobleaching of organic dyes. To tackle these issues, micro-carbonized polysaccharide chains, with carbon dots (CDs) suspended from the chains, are conceived, just like grapes or tomatoes hanging from a vine. Carbonization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) produces just such a structure (termed CMC-g-CDs), which is used to produce an ultra-stable, robust, and efficient solar-thermal film by interfacial interactions within the CMC-g-CDs. The introduction of the CDs into the matrix of the photothermal material effectively avoided the problem of photobleaching. Manipulating the interfacial interactions (such as electrostatic interactions, van der Waals interactions, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding) between the CDs and the polymer chains markedly enhances the mechanical properties of the photothermal film. The CMC-g-CDs are complexed with Fe3+ to eliminate leakage of the photothermal reagent from the matrix and to solve the problem of poor water resistance. The resulting film (CMC-g-CDs-Fe) has excellent prospects for practical application as a photothermal film.

Marine biomass-derived PDMS-based composite sponge for sustainably sourced solar-driven interfacial evaporation

Solar-driven interface evaporation has emerged as an attractive technology for addressing the pressing issue of water scarcity. Herein, from the perspective of utilizing and managing ocean resources, we have developed a comprehensive evaporator based on ocean biomass for efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation, aiming to sustainably harness marine resources. The construction of a biomass-based evaporator was achieved using three-dimensional melanin nanoparticles (MNPs)@carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) porous sponge, which exhibits highly hydrophilic and porous properties. In this study, MNPs functioned as the photothermal material and the CMCS-hydrophilic modified PDMS sponge was utilized as the supportive material. Owing to its outstanding photothermal conversion capability and ingeniously designed columnar shape with cold evaporation surface, the MCP sponge-based evaporator achieves a water evaporation rate of 2.04 kg·m−2·h−1 and an evaporation efficiency of 85% under 1sun illumination. In addition, the MCP sponge-based evaporator exhibits an outstanding desalination performance (93% salt rejection) and purification efficiency for dyes with natural sunlight. This groundbreaking study presents an innovative method by utilizing marine biomass-derived CMCS and MNPs as raw materials to construct a high-performance solar-driven interface evaporator, thereby tackling clean water generation and promoting the sustainability of marine ecosystems.

Large-scale hierarchically porous polydopamine loaded rattan-based solar evaporator with high stability to salinity changes

As a convenient photothermal material, polydopamine (PDA) has been widely utilized in wood-based evaporators. However, the loading conditions of polydopamine on biomass bulk materials have not been systematically studied. In this paper, the suitable reaction conditions of polydopamine were studied with rattan as the substrate, and a reference for the improvement of the loading conditions was proposed. The polydopamine-loaded rattan-based evaporator (PDA-R) prepared on this basis exhibits excellent working stability due to the unique large-scale hierarchical porous structure of rattan. In addition to excellent salt resistance and cycle performance (evaporation rate decays by 5.1% after 30 cycles), the larger-aperture channel (200–450 μm) also brings better adaptability to salinity changes than polydopamine-loaded basswood-based evaporator (PDA-BW) (the attenuation coefficient of PDA-R is 6.2%, while the attenuation coefficient of PDA-BW is 16.3%). All of these indicate the broad prospects of polydopamine-loaded rattan-based evaporator as a multi-effect treatment scheme of brine.

A novel hierarchical chromium black membrane prepared by electroplating for desalination

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE), a technology for local solar energy conversion through photothermal materials, has been greatly developed. The metal oxide semiconductors have excellent photothermal conversion performance and are considered the most promising materials for photothermal conversion. Hierarchical structure with large surface area is beneficial to improve the photothermal conversion efficiency through the light-trapping effect and reduces the evaporation enthalpy of water. Herein, chromium black (Cr, Cr2O3, CrO3-x) photothermal membranes (CBPM) with ganoderma-like hierarchical structure were prepared by electrochemical oxidation. Due to the small interlayer spacing of the ganoderma-like structure, the light absorption of CBPM (M7) can reach 78.53 %, which in turn promotes the conversion of solar energy due to the low thermal conductivity of the chromium black layer, resulting in a high evaporation rate of 1.64 kg m−2 h−1. The solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency is up to 90.39 % under 1 sun irradiation. Meanwhile, the superhydrophilicity of the membrane is conducive to salt redissolution at night, so there was not much performance degradation after 24 cycles. This study provides a new solution for water treatment using chromium black as a photothermal material with great potential for solar production of fresh water.

Engineering a photothermal responsive cellulose carbon capture material for solar-driven CO2 desorption

The utilization of the solar-driven CO2 desorption of carbon capture materials opens a promising avenue to reduce energy consumption in the carbon capture process. A crucial aspect is the careful coordination of materials' adsorption capacity and regeneration temperature. In this study, a photothermal responsive carbon capture material was developed by incorporating a photothermal responsive cellulose nanofiber matrix skeleton with a temperature-sensitive Pluronic® F-127 and polyethyleneimine. These components formed a staggered network through crosslinking with epichlorohydrin. The devised preparation strategy demonstrated a remarkable conversion rate of 99 % for the reaction reagents. The resulting carbon capture material exhibited a high amino density of 14.18 mmol/g and a substantial adsorption capacity of 6.92 mmol/g. Notably, the shrinkage of Pluronic® F-127 molecular chains at elevated temperatures led to an increased surface electrostatic potential and the passivation of amino groups. This transformation endowed the material with a solar-driven regeneration temperature as low as 55 °C, representing an efficient approach to reduce energy consumption during the regeneration process of carbon capture materials.

Solid waste reutilization of FCC petroleum coke for solar evaporation as a photothermal conversion material

Petroleum coke is a common industrial waste and is generally considered to be an amorphous carbonaceous or highly aromatized polymer carbide. In this study, petroleum coke was used as the main raw material and loaded on a nonwoven fabric to construct an interfacial solar evaporator with a micro-nano structure. The light absorption, evaporation rate and photothermal efficiency of CB@EM with different loading concentrations were investigated with different light intensities, coming in to evaluate the photothermal conversion performance of CB@EM. The results showed that the petroleum coke was resistant to acid and alkali. The simply prepared CB@EM has excellent photothermal conversion performance, and the evaporation rates of 50-CB@EM were 1.37, 2.34, and 5.61kgm-2 h-1 at 0.5 sun, 1 sun, and 1.5 sun, respectively; meanwhile, the average evaporation rate of 50-CB@EM after 60h of continuous evaporation at 1 sun, which realized efficient and continuous water evaporation was 2.39kgm-2 h-1, the evaporation efficiency was 93.29%, and the salt would preferentially accumulate from both ends of 50-CB@EM. In addition, CB@EM has flame retardancy, which can reduce the risk of fire during transportation. This study provides a method to treat petroleum coke industrial waste residue using clean energy and apply it in solar photo-thermal water evaporation, which has great potential for industrial application.

Study on the photothermal conversion enhancement performance and application of the metal-polyphenol phase-change microcapsules modified by molybdenum disulfide

Aiming to improving photothermal conversion and heat storage efficiency, layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was prepared with hydrothermal method, which was used as the thermally conductive and photothermal conversion material to modify metal-polyphenol (MPN) /paraffin (PA) microcapsules. The fabricated phase-change microcapsules (MoS2/MPN@PA-MEPCM) exhibits excellent thermal conductivity, photothermal conversion and heat storage performance. The effect of the additive amount of MoS2 on the leakage performance, microstructure, thermal conductivity, heat storage capacity, thermal stability and photothermal conversion performance of MoS2/MPN@PA-MEPCM was investigated. Furthermore, the enhancement mechanisms of the thermal conductivity and photothermal conversion were analyzed. The results show that when the additive amount of MoS2 is 10 wt%, the phase-change enthalpy of MoS2/MPN@PA-MEPCM reaches 127.1 J/g with an encapsulation ratio of 53.74 %. Compared to MPN@PA-MEPCM, the thermal conductivity of MoS2/MPN@PA-MEPCM increases by 88.45 % and the photothermal conversion and heat storage efficiency reaches 90.78 %. When the solar radiation intensity is 800 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2, the thermal efficiency of PFPSC is 57.17 % and 59.45 % respectively, which is higher than that of FPSC. The operation time of PFPSC is extended by 2435 s and 2750 s, respectively, improving the operational stability of flat plate solar water heaters. The developed microcapsules in this study demonstrate significant potential for highly efficient solar energy utilization and thermal energy storage in the fields of seawater desalination, solar water heating system and building heating.

Halfa grass assembled double-layered hydrogel evaporator for sunlight-driven steam generation and selective uranium extraction

Fresh drinking water and energy are crucial for the human society to live in a sustainable way, and both of these could be attained from the seawater. Herein, we designed a double-layered hydrogel evaporator (PCG@FCG) by using calcined carbon fiber derived from halfa grass (Desmostachya bipinnata) as a light absorbing photothermal material. The bottom hydrophilic layer composed of chitosan (CS), carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and amidoxime-modified chitosan (AOC), which helps in water transport to the upper surface of evaporator. The amidoxime modified chitosan helps in selective binding and recovery of uranium from the seawater. Such a judiciously designed PCG@FCG evaporator shows light absorbance of 96 %, stable evaporation rate of 2.0 kg m−2 h−1, having an outstanding selective uranium recovery of 325 mg g−1 under one sun irradiation. These outcomes result from the inherent structural porosity, enhanced evaporation rate, and selectively designed uranium binding sites. In addition, excellent salt-mitigating ability to promote uninterrupted evaporation, ability to purify the organic-contaminated wastewater/seawater endow the PCG@FCG evaporator with efficient seawater desalination ability and selective adsorption of uranium from the seawater. Overall, this innovatively-designed floating evaporator offers a sustainable approach to utilize the lavish resources in the seawater.

Efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation using conjugated microporous polymer networks synthesized from Buchwald–Hartwig coupling

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) has been considered as an effective and sustainable technology to purify water. To optimize heat localization and regulate water-existing forms via developing excellent photothermal materials is a key strategy to enhance SDIE performance. Herein, three novel conjugated microporous polymer networks (namely PBPs) were readily synthesized via Buchwald-Hartwig coupling between aryl bromides and p-phenylenediamine. Under 1 sun irradiation, the pure PBP-He without any additives delivered an excellent water evaporation of 1.18 and 0.96 kg · m−2 · h−1 using pure water, nature seawater as water source, respectively, and the corresponding energy conversion efficiency was up to 81.1 % and 65.7 %. An ever-enhanced SDIE performance was found in the PBPs networks with increased amine-linked sites density. The study provided a promising CMPs-based photothermal conversion platform for water purification, photothermal therapy, and photothermal sterilization, etc.